Go Roadmap¶

• Roadmap: https://roadmap.sh/golang

1. Introduction to Go¶

• 1.1 Why use Go
• 1.2 History of Go
• 1.3 Setting up the Environment
• 1.4 Hello World in Go
• 1.5 go command

2. Language Basics¶

2.1 Variables & Constants¶

• 2.1.1 var vs :=
• 2.1.2 Zero Values
• 2.1.3 const and iota
• 2.1.4 Scope and Shadowing

2.2 Data Types¶

• 2.2.1 Boolean
• 2.2.2 Numeric Types
• 2.2.2.1 Integers (Signed, Unsigned)
• 2.2.2.2 Floating Points
• 2.2.2.3 Complex Numbers
• 2.2.3 Runes
• 2.2.4 Strings
• 2.2.4.1 Raw String Literals
• 2.2.4.2 Interpreted String Literals
• 2.2.5 Type Conversion
• 2.2.6 Commands & Docs

2.3 Composite Types¶

• 2.3.1 Arrays
• 2.3.2 Slices
• 2.3.2.1 Capacity and Growth
• 2.3.2.2 make()
• 2.3.2.3 Slice to Array Conversion
• 2.3.2.4 Array to Slice Conversion
• 2.3.3 Strings
• 2.3.4 Maps
• 2.3.4.1 Comma-Ok Idiom
• 2.3.5 Structs
• 2.3.5.1 Struct Tags & JSON
• 2.3.5.2 Embedding Structs

2.4 Conditionals¶

• 2.4.1 if
• 2.4.2 if-else
• 2.4.3 switch

2.5 Loops¶

• 2.5.1 for loop
• 2.5.2 for range
• 2.5.2.1 Iterating Maps
• 2.5.2.2 Iterating Strings
• 2.5.3 break
• 2.5.4 continue
• 2.5.5 goto (discouraged)

2.6 Functions¶

• 2.6.1 Functions Basics
• 2.6.2 Variadic Functions
• 2.6.3 Multiple Return Values
• 2.6.4 Anonymous Functions
• 2.6.5 Closures
• 2.6.6 Named Return Values
• 2.6.7 Call by Value

2.7 Pointers¶

• 2.7.1 Pointers Basics
• 2.7.2 Pointers with Structs
• 2.7.3 With Maps & Slices
• 2.7.4 Memory Management
• 2.7.4.1 Garbage Collection

3. Methods and Interfaces¶

• 3.1 Methods vs Functions
• 3.2 Pointer Receivers
• 3.3 Value Receivers
• 3.4 Interfaces Basics
• 3.5 Empty Interfaces
• 3.6 Embedding Interfaces
• 3.7 Type Assertions
• 3.8 Type Switch
• 3.9 Method Sets Deep
• 3.10 Interface Internals (iface, eface, itab)
• 3.11 Method Dispatch
• 3.12 Common Interfaces (io.Reader, fmt.Stringer, error)
• 3.13 Interface Best Practices
• 3.14 Interface Anti-Patterns
• 3.15 Method Values & Method Expressions
• 3.16 Methods on Defined Types
• 3.17 Sealed Interfaces
• 3.18 Cross-Package Methods
• 3.19 Struct Method Promotion

4. Generics¶

• 4.1 Why Generics?
• 4.2 Generic Functions
• 4.3 Generic Types / Interfaces
• 4.4 Type Constraints
• 4.5 Type Inference
• 4.6 Generic Constraints Deep
• 4.7 Generic Performance (monomorphization vs dictionary)
• 4.8 Generics vs Interfaces
• 4.9 Generic Data Structures
• 4.10 Generic Limitations

5. Error Handling¶

• 5.1 Error Handling Basics
• 5.2 error interface
• 5.3 errors.New
• 5.4 fmt.Errorf
• 5.5 Wrapping/Unwrapping Errors
• 5.6 Sentinel Errors
• 5.7 panic and recover
• 5.8 Stack Traces & Debugging
• 5.9 errors.Is vs errors.As Deep
• 5.10 Custom Error Types
• 5.11 errors.Join (Go 1.20+)
• 5.12 Error Design Best Practices
• 5.13 Don't Just Check, Handle

6. Code Organization¶

6.1 Modules & Dependencies¶

• 6.1.1 go mod init
• 6.1.2 go mod tidy
• 6.1.3 go mod vendor

6.2 Packages¶

• 6.2.1 Package Import Rules
• 6.2.2 Using 3rd Party Packages
• 6.2.3 Publishing Modules

6.3 Project Layout¶

6.4 Internal Packages¶

6.5 Workspaces (go.work)¶

6.6 Dependency Injection (Wire, fx, manual)¶

6.7 Architecture Patterns (Clean, Hexagonal, DDD)¶

6.8 Module Versioning (semver, v2+)¶

6.9 Private Modules (GOPRIVATE)¶

7. Concurrency¶

7.0 Introduction¶

• 7.0.1 What is Concurrency (Concurrency vs Parallelism)
• 7.0.2 CSP Model (Communicating Sequential Processes)
• 7.0.3 Go Runtime & GMP Scheduler
• 7.0.4 Go Memory Model (happens-before)
• 7.0.5 When to Use Concurrency (and when not to)

7.1 Goroutines¶

• 7.1.1 Overview (creation & syntax)
• 7.1.2 Goroutines vs OS Threads
• 7.1.3 Stack Growth
• 7.1.4 Runtime Management
• 7.1.5 Best Practices
• 7.1.6 Common Pitfalls

7.2 Channels¶

• 7.2.1 Buffered vs Unbuffered
• 7.2.2 Select Statement
• 7.2.3 Worker Pools
• 7.2.4 Channel Direction
• 7.2.5 Nil Channels
• 7.2.6 Closing Channels
• 7.2.7 Range over Channels

7.3 sync Package¶

• 7.3.1 Mutexes
• 7.3.2 WaitGroups
• 7.3.3 Once
• 7.3.4 Cond
• 7.3.5 Pool
• 7.3.6 Map
• 7.3.7 Atomic (sync/atomic)

7.4 context Package¶

• 7.4.1 Deadlines & Cancellations
• 7.4.2 Common Usecases
• 7.4.3 Context Values
• 7.4.4 Context Tree
• 7.4.5 Context Internals

7.5 Concurrency Patterns¶

• 7.5.1 fan-in
• 7.5.2 fan-out
• 7.5.3 pipeline
• 7.5.4 Race Detection
• 7.5.5 Future / Promise
• 7.5.6 Broadcast Pattern

7.6 Errgroup & x/sync¶

• 7.6.1 errgroup.Group
• 7.6.2 semaphore.Weighted
• 7.6.3 singleflight.Group

7.7 Goroutine Lifecycle & Leaks¶

• 7.7.1 Goroutine Lifecycle
• 7.7.2 Detecting Leaks (runtime.NumGoroutine, pprof)
• 7.7.3 Preventing Leaks
• 7.7.4 pprof Tools

7.8 Deadlock, Livelock, Starvation¶

• 7.8.1 Deadlock
• 7.8.2 Livelock
• 7.8.3 Starvation

7.9 Channel Internals¶

• 7.9.1 hchan Struct
• 7.9.2 Runtime Behavior
• 7.9.3 Buffer Mechanics
• 7.9.4 Send / Receive Flow

7.10 Scheduler Deep-Dive¶

• 7.10.1 GMP Model
• 7.10.2 Preemption (Go 1.14+)
• 7.10.3 GOMAXPROCS Tuning
• 7.10.4 Work Stealing
• 7.10.5 Syscall Handling

7.11 Advanced Channel Patterns¶

• 7.11.1 or-done-channel
• 7.11.2 tee-channel
• 7.11.3 bridge-channel
• 7.11.4 Generator
• 7.11.5 Rate Limiter

7.12 Lock-Free Programming¶

• 7.12.1 CAS-based Algorithms
• 7.12.2 ABA Problem
• 7.12.3 Lock-Free Data Structures (queue, stack)
• 7.12.4 Memory Fences
• 7.12.5 Lock-Free vs Wait-Free

7.13 Testing Concurrent Code¶

• 7.13.1 Race Detector Deep-Dive
• 7.13.2 Deterministic Testing
• 7.13.3 sync.WaitGroup in Tests
• 7.13.4 Mocking Time
• 7.13.5 Concurrent Fuzzing

7.14 Performance Tuning¶

• 7.14.1 GOMAXPROCS
• 7.14.2 GOGC
• 7.14.3 runtime.LockOSThread
• 7.14.4 Profiling Concurrent Code
• 7.14.5 Scheduler Tracing

7.15 Concurrency Anti-Patterns¶

• 7.15.1 Unlimited Goroutines
• 7.15.2 Mutex Copying
• 7.15.3 Channel Close Violations
• 7.15.4 Premature Optimization
• 7.15.5 Wait-for-Empty-Channel
• 7.15.6 Sleep-for-Sync

7.16 Time-based Concurrency¶

• 7.16.1 time.Ticker
• 7.16.2 time.AfterFunc
• 7.16.3 Timer Leaks
• 7.16.4 Exponential Backoff
• 7.16.5 Debounce / Throttle

7.17 Goroutine Pools (3rd-party)¶

• 7.17.1 ants
• 7.17.2 tunny
• 7.17.3 workerpool
• 7.17.4 When to Use Pools

7.18 Production Patterns¶

• 7.18.1 Backpressure
• 7.18.2 Dynamic Worker Scaling
• 7.18.3 Batching
• 7.18.4 Graceful Shutdown
• 7.18.5 Drain Pattern

7.19 Pipeline Production Patterns¶

• 7.19.1 Error Propagation
• 7.19.2 Cancellation Propagation
• 7.19.3 Fan-out within Pipeline
• 7.19.4 Batching Stages
• 7.19.5 Fan-in/Fan-out within Pipeline

7.20 Cancellation Deep¶

• 7.20.1 Cooperative vs Force Cancellation
• 7.20.2 Partial Cancellation
• 7.20.3 Cleanup Ordering

7.21 Concurrent Data Structures¶

• 7.21.1 TTL Caches
• 7.21.2 LRU Concurrent
• 7.21.3 Concurrent Skip List
• 7.21.4 Concurrent Trees
• 7.21.5 Copy-on-Write
• 7.21.6 Concurrent Counters
• 7.21.7 Concurrent Bloom Filter

7.22 Memory Ordering & Barriers¶

• 7.22.1 Hardware Memory Barriers
• 7.22.2 Acquire / Release Semantics
• 7.22.3 Sequential Consistency
• 7.22.4 Cache Coherence
• 7.22.5 False Sharing

7.23 Concurrency in stdlib¶

• 7.23.1 net/http Server Concurrency
• 7.23.2 database/sql Connection Pool
• 7.23.3 sync.Pool Internals
• 7.23.4 Runtime Internals
• 7.23.5 time Package Concurrency

7.24 Primitives Decision Guide¶

• 7.24.1 Channel vs Mutex
• 7.24.2 Mutex vs Atomic
• 7.24.3 When to Use sync.Cond
• 7.24.4 Decision Tree

7.25 Famous Bugs & Postmortems¶

• 7.25.1 Cloudflare Incidents
• 7.25.2 Uber Incidents
• 7.25.3 Dropbox Incidents
• 7.25.4 GitHub Incidents
• 7.25.5 Twitter Incidents

7.26 Modern Features¶

• 7.26.1 sync.OnceFunc (Go 1.21+)
• 7.26.2 Structured Concurrency
• 7.26.3 Future Proposals

7.27 Real-World Case Studies¶

• 7.27.1 Kubernetes Scheduler
• 7.27.2 etcd Raft
• 7.27.3 gRPC Stream
• 7.27.4 Docker Concurrency
• 7.27.5 Prometheus Concurrency
• 7.27.6 Postgres Driver

8. Standard Library¶

• 8.1 I/O & File Handling
• 8.2 flag
• 8.3 time
• 8.4 encoding/json
• 8.5 os
• 8.6 bufio
• 8.7 slog
• 8.8 regexp
• 8.9 go:embed for embedding
• 8.10 net (TCP/UDP)
• 8.11 net/http Internals
• 8.12 encoding/* (binary, csv, xml, gob)
• 8.13 crypto/* (tls, hmac, aes, rsa)
• 8.14 io, io/fs
• 8.15 text/template, html/template
• 8.16 sort, slices, maps (Go 1.21+)
• 8.17 container/* (heap, list, ring)

9. Testing & Benchmarking¶

• 9.1 testing package basics
• 9.2 Table-driven Tests
• 9.3 Mocks and Stubs
• 9.4 httptest for HTTP Tests
• 9.5 Benchmarks
• 9.6 Coverage
• 9.7 Subtests (t.Run)
• 9.8 TestMain
• 9.9 Parallel Tests (t.Parallel)
• 9.10 Test Helpers (t.Helper)
• 9.11 Golden Files
• 9.12 Fuzzing (Go 1.18+)
• 9.13 Integration Tests (testcontainers-go)
• 9.14 E2E Tests
• 9.15 Mocking Libraries (testify, gomock, mockery)
• 9.16 Property-Based Testing
• 9.17 Benchmark Deep (b.RunParallel, allocs)

10. Ecosystem & Popular Libraries¶

10.1 Building CLIs¶

• 10.1.1 Cobra
• 10.1.2 urfave/cli
• 10.1.3 bubbletea

10.2 Web Development¶

• 10.2.1 net/http (standard)
• 10.2.2 Frameworks (Optional)
• 10.2.2.1 gin
• 10.2.2.2 echo
• 10.2.2.3 fiber
• 10.2.2.4 beego
• 10.2.3 gRPC & Protocol Buffers

10.3 ORMs & DB Access¶

• 10.3.1 pgx
• 10.3.2 GORM

10.4 Logging¶

• 10.4.1 Zerolog
• 10.4.2 Zap

10.5 Realtime Communication¶

• 10.5.1 Melody
• 10.5.2 Centrifugo

10.6 Configuration (viper, koanf)¶

10.7 Validation (go-playground/validator)¶

10.8 HTTP Client (resty, retryablehttp)¶

10.9 Migrations (golang-migrate, goose)¶

10.10 Caching (bigcache, freecache, ristretto)¶

10.11 Background Jobs (asynq, machinery)¶

10.12 Message Queues (Sarama, NATS, RabbitMQ)¶

10.13 Observability (OpenTelemetry, Prometheus)¶

10.14 Cloud SDKs (AWS, GCP, Azure)¶

10.15 GraphQL (gqlgen)¶

10.16 Workflow Engines (Temporal, Cadence)¶

11. Go Toolchain and Tools¶

11.1 Core Go Commands¶

• 11.1.1 go run
• 11.1.2 go build
• 11.1.3 go install
• 11.1.4 go fmt
• 11.1.5 go mod
• 11.1.6 go test
• 11.1.7 go clean
• 11.1.8 go doc
• 11.1.9 go version

11.2 Code Generation / Build Tags¶

• 11.2.1 go generate
• 11.2.2 Build Tags

11.3 Code Quality and Analysis¶

• 11.3.1 go vet
• 11.3.2 goimports
• 11.3.3 Linters
• 11.3.3.1 revive
• 11.3.3.2 staticcheck
• 11.3.3.3 golangci-lint

11.4 Security¶

• 11.4.1 govulncheck

11.5 Performance and Debugging¶

• 11.5.1 pprof
• 11.5.2 trace
• 11.5.3 Race Detector

11.6 Deployment & Tooling¶

• 11.6.1 Cross-compilation
• 11.6.2 Building Executables

11.7 go work (Workspaces)¶

11.8 Debugging with Delve (dlv)¶

11.9 go tool Suite (objdump, compile, link, nm)¶

11.10 Live Reload (air, reflex)¶

11.11 Build Tools (mage, task)¶

12. Advanced Topics¶

• 12.1 Memory Mgmt. in Depth
• 12.2 Escape Analysis
• 12.3 Reflection
• 12.4 Unsafe Package
• 12.5 Build Constraints & Tags
• 12.6 CGO Basics
• 12.7 Compiler & Linker Flags
• 12.8 Plugins & Dynamic Loading
• 12.9 Assembly (Plan9 syntax)
• 12.10 linkname Directive
• 12.11 PGO (Profile-Guided Optimization, Go 1.21+)
• 12.12 Runtime Hooks (runtime/trace, finalizers)
• 12.13 plugin Package

13. Performance Engineering¶

• 13.1 CPU Profiling
• 13.2 Memory Profiling
• 13.3 Mutex / Block Profiling
• 13.4 Benchmarking Strategy
• 13.5 Optimization Workflow
• 13.6 pprof Deep
• 13.7 trace Tool

14. Production & Operations¶

• 14.1 Graceful Shutdown
• 14.2 Health Checks
• 14.3 Readiness / Liveness
• 14.4 Configuration Management
• 14.5 Secrets Management
• 14.6 Feature Flags
• 14.7 Deployment Strategies

15. Observability¶

• 15.1 slog Deep
• 15.2 Prometheus Metrics
• 15.3 OpenTelemetry
• 15.4 Distributed Tracing
• 15.5 Correlation IDs
• 15.6 Structured Logging
• 15.7 Error Tracking

16. Security in Go¶

• 16.1 TLS Config
• 16.2 JWT
• 16.3 OAuth
• 16.4 Secure Headers
• 16.5 OWASP Go
• 16.6 govulncheck Deep
• 16.7 Input Validation
• 16.8 Crypto Best Practices

17. Design Patterns in Go¶

• 17.1 Functional Options
• 17.2 Builder Pattern
• 17.3 Strategy Pattern
• 17.4 Decorator Pattern
• 17.5 Adapter Pattern
• 17.6 Factory Pattern
• 17.7 Observer Pattern
• 17.8 Singleton Pattern
• 17.9 Iterator Pattern

18. Architecture Patterns¶

• 18.1 Clean Architecture
• 18.2 Hexagonal Architecture
• 18.3 Domain-Driven Design (DDD)
• 18.4 CQRS
• 18.5 Event Sourcing
• 18.6 Onion Architecture

19. Microservices¶

• 19.1 Service Discovery
• 19.2 Circuit Breaker
• 19.3 Retries & Backoff
• 19.4 Bulkheads
• 19.5 Saga Pattern
• 19.6 API Gateway
• 19.7 Service Mesh Basics

20. Database Patterns¶

• 20.1 Connection Pool Tuning
• 20.2 Transactions
• 20.3 Prepared Statements
• 20.4 sqlc
• 20.5 sqlx
• 20.6 GORM Deep
• 20.7 pgx Deep
• 20.8 Database Migrations

21. API Design¶

• 21.1 REST Design
• 21.2 gRPC Deep
• 21.3 GraphQL Design
• 21.4 OpenAPI / Swagger
• 21.5 Versioning
• 21.6 Pagination
• 21.7 Rate Limiting
• 21.8 Error Responses

22. Distributed Systems¶

• 22.1 Raft Consensus
• 22.2 Distributed Locks
• 22.3 Leader Election
• 22.4 Eventual Consistency
• 22.5 Distributed Transactions
• 22.6 Clock & Time
• 22.7 Gossip Protocols

23. Cloud-Native Go¶

• 23.1 Kubernetes Operators
• 23.2 controller-runtime
• 23.3 Custom Resources (CRD)
• 23.4 Helm Charts
• 23.5 Service Mesh
• 23.6 Serverless Go

24. Runtime & Internals¶

• 24.1 Runtime Source Dive
• 24.2 Scheduler Source
• 24.3 GC Source
• 24.4 Memory Allocator
• 24.5 runtime Package Deep
• 24.6 Go Runtime Architecture

25. Go Source Reading¶

• 25.1 net/http Source
• 25.2 sync Source
• 25.3 runtime Source
• 25.4 context Source
• 25.5 database/sql Source
• 25.6 encoding/json Source

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